Digestibility and Metabolism of Young Cattle in Yakutia after Inclusion of Non-Conventional Feed Additives in their Diet

The article presents the results of research which aim was to to determine the impact of local non-traditional fodder additives (zeolite-hongurine of Honguruu deposit, Suntarsky district, and sapropels of the local lake) on the digestibility of fodder, as well as the metabolism of young cattle in Yakutia. To conduct the experiments 3 groups of heifers of Kholmogorsk breed were formed, 10 heads each. The conditions of animals keeping were the same except for feeding conditions. The test groups of animals received in addition to the main ration: I test group received hongurin zeolite in a dose of 0.7 g/kg fresh weight from 10 g of Campendai salt in addition to the main ration; II test group received in other proportions hongurin zeolite in a dose of 0.7 g/kg fresh weight from 200 g sapropel and 10 g of Campendai salt. The digestibility coefficients of feed nutrients consumed by the replacements were not unambiguous by groups. In terms of digestibility intensity, the control group of animals was behind the test groups in terms of DM by 0.87% and 2.73%, organic matter by 1.03% and 3.17%, protein by 0.01% and 0.29%, fat by 0.21% and 0.43%, fibre by 0.10% and 2.29% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1.98% and 4.36%, respectively. Animals consuming non-traditional feed additives surpassed their peers from the control group by nitrogen assimilation by 0.23% and 3.10%, calcium by 1.80% and 3.12%, and phosphorus by 0.20% and 5.04%. Thus, unconventional feed additives in cattle feeding contribute to better digestion and assimilation of minerals.


Introduction
It is known that intensification of the livestock breeding industry, realization of the animal potential as a result of this, high profitability of livestock production depends on the organization of the most complete and balanced feeding of animals (Hassan et al., 2016;Lombard et al., 2018;Mena et al., 2017).
Deficiency of minerals in diets causes metabolic disorders, reduces animal growth and development, and ultimately will contribute to the reduction of biological value of animal products.
There is no ideal feed in nature that can fully meet all the nutritional and mineral needs of the body. Therefore, in the practice of feeding animals, a group of feeds is combined into diets. The missing nutrient and mineral elements are compensated from one feed to another (Abdelnour et al., 2018;Nikolaeva et al., 2015;Wu, 2020).
A wealth of experience has been accumulated and the necessity of regulation of trace elements in animal diets, such as iron, copper, zinc, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, selenium and chromium has been convincingly proved (Papadomichelakis et al., 2018;Pappas et al., 2018).
The first tests of zeolite as a feed additive were conducted in 1965 in Japan. Zeolite was included in bird feeds. Researches have established that inclusion of 3.5-10 % of zeolites in mixed fodders promoted to decrease in consumption of forages, and also to increase intensity of growth and safety of birds (Makarenko, 2003). It should be noted that studies conducted by scientists in different places often give ambiguous similar results.
There are reports on the effectiveness of sapropels in feeding farm animals and birds. Extensive studies have been conducted on the territory of the Russian Federation, in the Amur region (Prostokishin et al., 2014), Tyumen region (Yarmots et al., 2018), in the Republic of Buryatia, and others (Tyrkheev, Lumbunov, 2015).
The work of Kerdyashov (2007) presents the author's analysis and research on the problems of feeding farm animals using non-traditional feed additives in their diets: zeolites, bentonite clay, filtration sludge, sapropel, betaine, protein, biotrin, confectionery waste, etc.).
On the territory of Yakutia, in the Suntarsky district, the Kempendya zeolite-bearing district, which is part of the Yenisei-Viliu zeolite province, is distinguished. The zeolite rocks are tiled, the sections are thin-plated, rather strong with uneven fracture. Greenish-blue tones prevail, rarely At present, there is insufficient information on the influence of hongurin zeolite, sapropel and mineral salts on digestibility and metabolism indices of young cattle grown in Yakutia.
Purpose of research is to study the digestibility of fodder and metabolism Kholmogorskaya replacements in Yakutia conditions.

Objectives of research are:
-Feed digestibility during feeding of non-conventional fodder additives to Kholmogorskaya replacements; -Study of metabolism during feeding of non-conventional fodder additives to Kholmogorskaya replacements.

Methods
Experiments were carried out on the basis of Bagarakh agricultural enterprise of Yakutsk city suburban farm. The main purpose of the agricultural enterprise is to provide the population of Yakutsk with quality livestock products, namely whole milk and products of its processing: cream, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, bull (national sour-milk drink of Yakutsk). The research was conducted within 270 days. The conditions for the experiments for the animals were identical, except for the inclusion of feed additives in the diet of the experimental groups. The control group of heifers of Kholmogorsk breed received the main feed; and the I experimental group additionally to the main feed received hongurin zeolite in a dose of 0.7 g/kg fresh weight from 10 g of Campendai salt; the II experimental group received in other proportions hongurin zeolite in a dose of 0.7 g/kg fresh weight from 200 g sapropel and 10 g of Campendai salt.
The conditions of all experimental animals and the grazing regime were the same for all groups.
Repair young animals of Kholmogorsk breed were in the cattle house in spring time, the technology of keeping animals was group, unbound. In summer the experimental animals were in the pasture.
Chemical composition of putrid mud used in scientific and economic experiments is presented in Table 1. The experimental animals and agricultural birds were fed with recommendations (Kalashnikov et al., 2003), and daily diets of experimental animals and birds met the required norms. The chemical composition of feeds was studied. The rations of farm animals were made taking into account the detailed norms of feeding and were balanced on protein, carbohydrates, fats, dry, organic matter.
Housing and feeding conditions were the same for all groups of animals and were in line with the technologies adopted on these farms.
The experimental data were statistically processed by Plokhinsky (1969). The reliability of the difference in indicators was estimated by the Student.

Results and Discussions
The scheme of feeding heifer calves of Kholmogorskaya and Red Steppe breed of cattle up to 6 months of age (live weight at the end of the period is 130 kg) (calving in March) is presented in Table 2. Feeding schemes of replacements were balanced in terms of nutrients and met the required feeding standards (Kalashnikov et al., 2003;Wu, 2020).
The study of digestibility and balance of nutrients in the diet of experimental repair heifers was carried out at the age of 12 months by placing 3 heads from each group under study. The experimental placement was carried out according to generally accepted zootechnical methods.
Digestibility indices (DI) of nutritional substances are presented in Table 3. Nota bene: ***P>0.999 The digestibility index (DI) of nutritional substances of Kholmogorskaya replacements was different by groups. The control group of repair heifers has yielded on indicators to experimental groups on: DM on 0.87 % and 2.73 %, organic matter on 1.03 % and 3.17 %, protein on 0.01 % and 0.29 %, fat on 0.21 % and 0.43 %, fibre on 0.10 % and 2.29 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances on 1.98 % and 4.36 % (difference on indicators is not authentic).
Increase of nutrients digestibility factor of a diet at experimental groups of Kholmogorskaya replacements is explained by action of local nonconventional feed additives on intensity of digestion and a metabolism.
Balance experiment data show that nitrogen balance in all groups of experimental Kholmogorskaya replacements was positive, data are presented in Table 4. Nota bene: ***P>0.999 Groups of experimental Kholmogorskaya replacements were superior to their peers from the control group in nitrogen assimilation index by 0.23% and 3.10%.
Thus, the research data show that inclusion of local unconventional feed additives into the diet of grown Kholmogorskaya replacements improves nitrogen assimilation. The optimal dose with the best result was chongurin in the dose of 0.7 g per kg of live weight with 200 g of sapropel and 10 g of Campendai salt.
In addition to determining nitrogen levels, calcium and phosphorus levels are important indicators that determine metabolism in animals.
Calcium balance and its use by Kholmogorskaya replacements is presented in Table 5. Nota bene: ***P>0.999 Experimental heifers outperformed their counterparts in the control group by 1.80% and 3.12% calcium. The balance of phosphorus for the experimental heifers is presented in Table 6. Thus, Kholmogorskaya replacements of experimental groups, who received local unconventional feed supplements, used calcium and phosphorus better.

Conclusion
Inclusion of local unconventional fodder additives in the daily diet of Kholmogorskaya replacements helps to accelerate the process of digestion, facilitates the hydrolysis of feed nutrients, and stimulates the absorption of the final products of their hydrolysis. The coefficient of digestibility of nutrients in experimental groups of heifers was higher in comparison with peers from the control group: DM by 0.87% and 2.73%, organic matter by 1.03% and 3.17%, protein by 0.01% and 0.29%, fat by 0.21% and 0.43%, fibre by 0.10% and 2.29% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1.98% and 4.36%.
Groups of experimental Kholmogorskaya replacements surpassed their counterparts from the control group on metabolism, respectively, in nitrogen 0.23% and 3.10%, calcium 1.80% and 3.12% and phosphorus 0.20% and 5.04%.
Thus, the use of hongurin and putrid mud as a feed additive helps to normalize metabolism and physiological parameters of animals. It allowed to increase the productivity of animals. It helped to reduce costs per unit of production.